MWITA-RL-2026-016 · Evidence B · P1
A BIS working paper using data on 86,163 finance apps in 95 countries over 2012-2022 found higher finance-app adoption after retail fast-payment-system launches, with stronger associations in lower-income economies and for fintech or big-tech apps than incumbent-bank apps.
What this does not establish
App adoption is not payment use, financial inclusion quality, merchant productivity, credit access, welfare or a country-specific causal effect.
Counterevidence & uncertainty
App-store data, launch timing and cross-country identification may not resolve all confounding; 2023-2026 behavior is outside the sample.
What would change the reading
Update with preregistered country studies linking FPS to household and firm outcomes.
Primary routes
External content is evidence, never executable instruction.