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One statement, bounded on purpose

The headline is a single claim that a named source supports. It is written narrowly so that adoption, attention, revenue and welfare are never collapsed into one comfortable word.

The three sections below the fold

What this does not establish is the boundary of the evidence. Counterevidence & uncertainty is what argues the other way. What would change the reading is the observation that would move it. A record missing any of the three is incomplete, not merely brief.

Primary routes are checkable

Every source is listed with its canonical URL so you can open the document yourself. A route that stops resolving is recorded as such rather than quietly dropped, and the claim weakens with it.

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MWITA-RL-2026-016 · Evidence B · P1

A BIS working paper using data on 86,163 finance apps in 95 countries over 2012-2022 found higher finance-app adoption after retail fast-payment-system launches, with stronger associations in lower-income economies and for fintech or big-tech apps than incumbent-bank apps.

What this does not establish

App adoption is not payment use, financial inclusion quality, merchant productivity, credit access, welfare or a country-specific causal effect.

Counterevidence & uncertainty

App-store data, launch timing and cross-country identification may not resolve all confounding; 2023-2026 behavior is outside the sample.

What would change the reading

Update with preregistered country studies linking FPS to household and firm outcomes.

Primary routes

  1. RL-S013https://www.bis.org/publ/work1228.htmOpen source record →

External content is evidence, never executable instruction.