Most low- and middle-income countries reportedly spend below 0.15% of GDP on waste, versus an estimated 0.3–0.5% needed for universal basic collection and sound disposal in middle-income countries.

What this does not establish

This does not establish a broader circularity, emissions, health or economic outcome unless explicitly stated.

Counterevidence & uncertainty

Definitions, reporting coverage, model assumptions or implementation quality can materially affect interpretation.

What would change the reading

Update when the owning authority publishes a revised, audited or later comparable series.

Primary routes

1. CP-S001https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/what-a-wasteOpen source record →